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La plasticit\u00e9 fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 la capacit\u00e9 d’une unit\u00e9 (par exemple une cellule en biologie, un mat\u00e9riau en physique) \u00e0 changer de ph\u00e9notype ou de forme en r\u00e9ponse au changement de son environnement. En psychologie et en psychanalyse, le succ\u00e8s potentiel du traitement repose sur la capacit\u00e9 de distinguer entre ce qui est structurel et ce qui peut \u00eatre chang\u00e9 et subir une \u00e9volution et une transformation. Nous abordons ici les m\u00e9canismes et les cons\u00e9quences de cette plasticit\u00e9, du niveau mol\u00e9culaire au niveau individuel.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Reconstruction 3D d’un organo\u00efde intestinal murin en Matrigel. Myosin-IIA en vert. LGR5 en magenta. DAPI en bleu.<\/p>\n
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\u00a9 Jad SALEH, Institut Jacques Monod<\/p>\n
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La diff\u00e9renciation cellulaire et le d\u00e9veloppement d’organismes multicellulaires complexes fournissent des contextes cl\u00e9s dans lesquels explorer la plasticit\u00e9 dans un cadre biologique. Les changements ph\u00e9notypiques qui accompagnent ces processus fondamentaux ne reposent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas sur la modification de l’information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique, mais plut\u00f4t sur son interpr\u00e9tation, dans laquelle les m\u00e9canismes \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques ont une contribution majeure. Les modifications individuelles de la chromatine associ\u00e9es \u00e0 la diff\u00e9renciation ont \u00e9t\u00e9 largement analys\u00e9es et les complexes de modification de la chromatine sont \u00e9galement relativement bien caract\u00e9ris\u00e9s. En revanche, nous abordons des aspects qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 jusqu’\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent largement n\u00e9glig\u00e9s, \u00e0 savoir l’interaction entre les modificateurs de la chromatine en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral et les histones m\u00e9thyltransf\u00e9rases en particulier, ainsi que la contribution des enzymes modifiant la chromatine aux substrats non-histones, m\u00eame cytoplasmiques<\/strong>. Une autre piste importante concerne l’identification et la caract\u00e9risation fonctionnelle de nouveaux partenaires mettant en place et lisant les marques \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques. Enfin, un d\u00e9fi cl\u00e9 est de lier, au niveau de la cellule unique, la r\u00e9ponse interne dans le noyau \u00e0 la d\u00e9tection des stimuli \/ signaux externes, qui peuvent \u00eatre de nature chimique ou m\u00e9canique. Nous d\u00e9veloppons un programme multidisciplinaire qui inclut des biologistes mol\u00e9culaires et cellulaires, des ing\u00e9nieurs en m\u00e9canique et des physiciens, pour explorer les cons\u00e9quences des contraintes m\u00e9caniques sur les r\u00e9ponses cellulaires uniques et le destin des cellules aux niveaux transcriptomique, \u00e9pig\u00e9nomique et chromosomique.<\/strong> L’\u00e9volution, dans un certain sens, peut \u00eatre vue comme de la plasticit\u00e9, mais le laps de temps est beaucoup plus long et les \u00e9v\u00e9nements se produisent \u00e0 l’\u00e9chelle de tout un organisme. Une question importante est de comprendre la base g\u00e9n\u00e9tique r\u00e9gissant l’apparition et la stabilisation de nouveaux ph\u00e9notypes. La notion d’\u00e9volution contrainte est \u00e9galement d’un int\u00e9r\u00eat particulier, avec l’id\u00e9e qu’un processus ou un \u00e9tat biologique peut \u00eatre rencontr\u00e9 plusieurs fois au cours de l’\u00e9volution, mais avec une variation et une sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 d’esp\u00e8ce. Les cellules souches, qui ont des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s d’auto-renouvellement et de diff\u00e9renciation, sont au centre du d\u00e9veloppement des m\u00e9tazoaires et jouent un r\u00f4le cl\u00e9 dans l’hom\u00e9ostasie et la r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration des tissus. Une question concerne les aspects \u00e9volutifs du concept de cellules souches et de pluralit\u00e9 \/ pluripotence<\/strong>. L’inactivation du chromosome X est un autre exemple d’\u00e9volution contrainte d’un processus \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique li\u00e9 \u00e0 l’\u00e9tat cellulaire. Ce processus essentiel se d\u00e9roule chez tous les mammif\u00e8res, mais avec une diversit\u00e9 surprenante dans les strat\u00e9gies sous-jacentes.\u00a0Nous cherchons \u00e0 identifier les d\u00e9terminants mol\u00e9culaires d’une telle variabilit\u00e9, notamment au niveau du g\u00e9nome non-codant, et \u00e0 les relier aux \u00e9tats cellulaires et aux contraintes de d\u00e9veloppement sp\u00e9cifiques aux esp\u00e8ces. La variabilit\u00e9 dans les sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s de substrat des complexes de modification de la chromatine entre les eucaryotes unicellulaires et multicellulaires est \u00e9galement explor\u00e9e.<\/p>\n La plasticit\u00e9 est maintenant consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme jouant un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans les processus \u00e9volutifs. En collaboration avec des historiens de la Synth\u00e8se Moderne et des philosophes experts des probl\u00e9matiques Evo-Devo, le Labex aborde cette question de la structure actuelle de la biologie \u00e9volutive, sur la base de ses d\u00e9couvertes sur la plasticit\u00e9 cellulaire. Les changements identitaires \u00e0 long terme soul\u00e8vent \u00e9galement un enjeu philosophique majeur : la question de l’homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 du concept identitaire. Nous l’abordons en \u00e9valuant la contribution des mod\u00e8les \u00e9volutifs \u00e0 notre compr\u00e9hension de l’identit\u00e9 des individus multicellulaires, puis en articulant nos connaissances des m\u00e9canismes de surveillance et de la diff\u00e9renciation cellulaire<\/strong>, via une collaboration entre biologistes \u00e9volutionnistes, philosophes des sciences et biologistes mol\u00e9culaires. En outre, l’identit\u00e9 biologique et personnelle constitue une \u00e9nigme philosophique difficile. La biologie du changement d’identit\u00e9 \u00e0 long terme, et en particulier les th\u00e9ories des m\u00e9canismes de transitions cellulaires, permettent aux philosophes, psychanalystes et biologistes d’aborder collectivement les aspects du changement d’identit\u00e9 et de la conservation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_4″][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1″ specialty=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.21″ custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb0px||0px|\u00a0\u00bb prev_background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#000000″ inner_width=\u00a0\u00bbauto\u00a0\u00bb inner_max_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.19.11″ width=\u00a0\u00bb80%\u00a0\u00bb max_width=\u00a0\u00bb1080px\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=\u00a0\u00bb\u00c0 lire aussi\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.21″]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blog _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.21″ posts_number=\u00a0\u00bb4″ include_categories=\u00a0\u00bb13″ show_author=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb show_date=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb show_pagination=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb border_width_bottom_fullwidth=\u00a0\u00bb1px\u00a0\u00bb border_color_bottom_fullwidth=\u00a0\u00bbrgba(51,51,51,0.18)\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb||50px|\u00a0\u00bb module_id=\u00a0\u00bbpage_type_blog\u00a0\u00bb header_level=\u00a0\u00bbh4″ \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
De plus, l’interaction entre les organismes peut \u00e9galement entra\u00eener une variation ph\u00e9notypique ; nous visons \u00e0 d\u00e9chiffrer le transf\u00e9rome horizontal, en nous concentrant sur le transfert des r\u00e9gulateurs \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques ; nous d\u00e9terminons en outre comment les parasites d\u00e9tournent les voies de signalisation de l’h\u00f4te pour induire des changements \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques et m\u00e9taboliques dans la cellule h\u00f4te. Comprendre l’interd\u00e9pendance entre les g\u00e9nomes et les \u00e9pig\u00e9nomes fournira des informations sur la co\u00e9volution d’esp\u00e8ces \u00e9loign\u00e9es<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\u00a0<\/h3>\n
Changement d’identit\u00e9 \u00e0 long-terme<\/h3>\n
\u00c0<\/span> lire aussi<\/h2>\n