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Paire de cellules \u00e9pith\u00e9liales (MDCK), double marquage pour l’actine en rouge et adh\u00e9sion focale en vert.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u00a9 Gautham Hari Narayana SANKARA NARAYANA, Institut Jacques Monod<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Tous les organismes vivants sont construits \u00e0 partir d’un grand nombre de cellules et d’une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de types cellulaires avec une identit\u00e9 sp\u00e9cifique. Par exemple, un humain adulte est compos\u00e9 \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s de 10\u00b9\u00b3 cellules et d’environ 200 types de cellules diff\u00e9rents, y compris les gam\u00e8tes (ovule et sperme) qui sont essentiels \u00e0 la reproduction sexu\u00e9e. Un programme sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 de division cellulaire, la m\u00e9iose, produit des gam\u00e8tes haplo\u00efdes qui r\u00e9tablissent la diplo\u00efdie chez un zygote lors de la f\u00e9condation. Les divisions cellulaires mitotiques augmentent le nombre de cellules en distribuant de mani\u00e8re \u00e9gale et fid\u00e8le le g\u00e9nome r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 dans les cellules filles. Des d\u00e9fauts dans la r\u00e9gulation de ces processus fondamentaux peuvent avoir des cons\u00e9quences dramatiques, conduisant \u00e0 la mort cellulaire ou \u00e0 l’instabilit\u00e9 du g\u00e9nome, caract\u00e9ristique des cancers.<\/p>\n
Au cours des derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies, d’\u00e9normes progr\u00e8s ont \u00e9t\u00e9 accomplis dans l’identification des facteurs et des machines mol\u00e9culaires garantissant que le g\u00e9nome est fid\u00e8lement reproduit et transmis \u00e0 la cellule fille au cours de la division cellulaire mitotique. De m\u00eame, la machinerie et les m\u00e9canismes permettant la bonne s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation des chromosomes lors de la mitose \u00e9mergent. Cependant, nous en savons beaucoup moins sur les m\u00e9canismes conduisant \u00e0 la s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation chromosomique lors de la m\u00e9iose f\u00e9minine, qui se produit en l’absence de centrosomes. En outre, plusieurs m\u00e9canismes et processus ont \u00e9t\u00e9 largement \u00e9tudi\u00e9s dans les d\u00e9tails, mais souvent non analys\u00e9s en relation les uns avec les autres. Par exemple, bien que la transcription et la r\u00e9plication de l’ADN aient \u00e9t\u00e9 largement \u00e9tudi\u00e9es s\u00e9par\u00e9ment, la fa\u00e7on dont les m\u00e9canismes r\u00e9gulant ces deux processus interagissent pour assurer l’int\u00e9grit\u00e9 du g\u00e9nome pendant la division cellulaire est beaucoup moins comprise. De m\u00eame, l’influence des marques \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques sur le programme de r\u00e9plication de l’ADN est encore peu d\u00e9crite. Au niveau cellulaire, les structures macromol\u00e9culaires comme les complexes formant les pores nucl\u00e9aires (NPC), qui r\u00e9gulent le transport nucl\u00e9o-cytoplasmique, l’organisation du g\u00e9nome et la transcription pendant l’interphase doivent \u00eatre d\u00e9mantel\u00e9es pendant la mitose et r\u00e9assembl\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re ordonn\u00e9e apr\u00e8s la mitose. Comment ces grands complexes macromol\u00e9culaires sont d\u00e9mantel\u00e9s et r\u00e9assembl\u00e9s au cours de la division cellulaire est encore mal compris.<\/p>\n
La communaut\u00e9 scientifique du Labex est dans une position unique pour combler ces lacunes car notre communaut\u00e9 rassemble des experts en pores nucl\u00e9aires, transcription, r\u00e9plication et r\u00e9paration de l’ADN, \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique, polarit\u00e9 cellulaire, division cellulaire m\u00e9iotique et mitotique.<\/strong> Profitant du r\u00e9seau de collaboration existant, nous appliquons un large \u00e9ventail de mod\u00e8les exp\u00e9rimentaux et d’approches int\u00e9gr\u00e9es pour \u00e9tudier les processus aux interfaces entre diff\u00e9rentes disciplines afin de d\u00e9m\u00ealer de nouveaux concepts. L’accent est mis sur l’int\u00e9gration des processus et des m\u00e9canismes de contr\u00f4le de la qualit\u00e9 et sur la mani\u00e8re dont cette orchestration est essentielle pour l’\u00e9tablissement et la transmission des identit\u00e9s cellulaires. De plus, la notion de transmission soul\u00e8ve des questions philosophiques concernant la stabilit\u00e9 de l’identit\u00e9 \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.<\/strong> La biologie \u00e9volutive a fourni des outils statistiques pour mesurer cette stabilit\u00e9 et pour \u00e9valuer les contributions respectives des environnements et des parents dans une population. Tout au long de l’histoire de la biologie, la notion de transmission est devenue la notion statistique d’h\u00e9ritabilit\u00e9 et la notion de g\u00e8ne, qui s’est progressivement mat\u00e9rialis\u00e9e en ADN. Cependant, des progr\u00e8s r\u00e9cents ont montr\u00e9 qu’il y a plus que des g\u00e8nes \u00e0 h\u00e9riter. Alors, comment comprendre exactement les concepts de g\u00e8ne, d’h\u00e9ritabilit\u00e9, d’h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9 et de transmission ? Cette analyse conceptuelle n\u00e9cessite une compr\u00e9hension historique approfondie de ces concepts, y compris la mani\u00e8re dont ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9s exp\u00e9rimentalement. Nous interrogeons le concept de transmission : comment voir la transmission entre cellule et cellule fille ? Les m\u00e9canismes de division cellulaire doivent-ils faire partie des m\u00e9canismes g\u00e9n\u00e9raux d’h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9 ? Ou y a-t-il plusieurs concepts d’h\u00e9ritage, selon que l’on suit les cellules ou les organismes ? Cette question devient cruciale dans les d\u00e9bats sur le r\u00f4le et l’importance de l’\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique en biologie \u00e9volutionniste ou en sociologie. Le Labex examine l’hypoth\u00e8se philosophique selon laquelle les distinctions entre les syst\u00e8mes d’h\u00e9ritage (c’est-\u00e0-dire la g\u00e9n\u00e9tique, l’\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique) sont intrins\u00e8quement li\u00e9es aux diff\u00e9rences d’\u00e9chelle de temps dans les facteurs environnementaux r\u00e9currents.<\/strong><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_4″][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1″ specialty=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.21″ custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb0px||0px|\u00a0\u00bb prev_background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#000000″ inner_width=\u00a0\u00bbauto\u00a0\u00bb inner_max_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.19.11″ width=\u00a0\u00bb80%\u00a0\u00bb max_width=\u00a0\u00bb1080px\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=\u00a0\u00bb\u00c0 lire aussi\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.21″]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blog _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.21″ posts_number=\u00a0\u00bb4″ include_categories=\u00a0\u00bb13″ show_author=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb show_date=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb show_pagination=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb border_width_bottom_fullwidth=\u00a0\u00bb1px\u00a0\u00bb border_color_bottom_fullwidth=\u00a0\u00bbrgba(51,51,51,0.18)\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb||50px|\u00a0\u00bb module_id=\u00a0\u00bbpage_type_blog\u00a0\u00bb header_level=\u00a0\u00bbh4″ \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" La transmission de l’identit\u00e9 \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations n\u00e9cessite le maintien et la bonne transmission de l’information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique au cours de la division cellulaire. \u00c0 cette fin, le g\u00e9nome doit \u00eatre enti\u00e8rement r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 et les mol\u00e9cules d’ADN r\u00e9sultantes doivent \u00eatre fid\u00e8lement distribu\u00e9es aux cellules filles afin que chacune re\u00e7oive une copie compl\u00e8te du g\u00e9nome.… Lire la suite Transmission de l\u2019identit\u00e9 \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":236,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-626","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/who-am-i\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/626","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/who-am-i\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/who-am-i\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/who-am-i\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/236"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/who-am-i\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=626"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/who-am-i\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/626\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1109,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/who-am-i\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/626\/revisions\/1109"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/who-am-i\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=626"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, nous \u00e9tudions l’influence des marques \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques sur le programme de r\u00e9plication de l’ADN et le couplage entre la transcription et la r\u00e9plication de l’ADN, la r\u00e9paration de l’ADN mais aussi la m\u00e9iose et la mitose. En particulier, nous explorons la division cellulaire mitotique dans un contexte de d\u00e9veloppement et \u00e9tudions comment les relations crois\u00e9es entre la mitose, le destin cellulaire et la polarit\u00e9 cellulaire influencent l’identit\u00e9 cellulaire.<\/strong>
Globalement, nous \u00e9tudions la transmission de l’identit\u00e9 \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations \u00e0 plusieurs niveaux, en d\u00e9chiffrant comment la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de la r\u00e9plication de l’ADN et les m\u00e9canismes de r\u00e9paration de l’ADN assurent la transmission de mol\u00e9cules d’ADN sans mutation \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations, mais aussi comment le timing de la r\u00e9plication de l’ADN, modul\u00e9 par les ou des signaux externes (marques \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques), peuvent influencer la production de types de cellules avec des identit\u00e9s diff\u00e9rentes.<\/p>\n\u00c0<\/span> lire aussi<\/h2>\n