{"id":1002,"date":"2021-08-23T18:14:19","date_gmt":"2021-08-23T16:14:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/who-am-i\/?page_id=1002"},"modified":"2021-08-27T19:14:10","modified_gmt":"2021-08-27T17:14:10","slug":"transmission-of-identity-across-generations","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/who-am-i\/en\/transmission-of-identity-across-generations\/","title":{"rendered":"Transmission of identity across generations"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section bb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1″ next_background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#000000″ inner_width=\u00a0\u00bbauto\u00a0\u00bb inner_max_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″][et_pb_post_title admin_label=\u00a0\u00bbTitre de la page\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.19.11″ meta=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb featured_image=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb3_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=\u00a0\u00bbIntro\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.22.1″ module_id=\u00a0\u00bbintro\u00a0\u00bb text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ z_index_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb500″]<\/p>\n

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Transmission of identity across generations requires the maintenance and proper transmission of genetic information during cell division. To this end, the genome must be entirely replicated, and the resulting DNA molecules must be faithfully distributed to the daughter cells so that each one receives a complete copy of the genome. Here, we will use complementary approaches in various model organisms to decipher how the genetic information is transmitted during cell division. In addition, we will question the concept of transmission: how should we see the transmission between cell and daughter cell? Are the mechanisms of cell division required to be part of the general mechanisms of inheritance? Or are there several concepts of inheritance, depending on whether one tracks cells or organisms?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Cell Kissing<\/h4>\n

Epithelial (MDCK) cell doublet, dual-stained for actin in red and focal-adhesion in green.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u00a9 Gautham Hari Narayana SANKARA NARAYANA, Institut Jacques Monod<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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All living organisms are built from a large number of cells and a wide variety of cell types with specific cellular identities. For instance, an adult human is roughly made up of 10^13 cells and around 200 different cell types including the gametes (egg and sperm) that are essential for sexual reproduction. A specialized cell division program, called meiosis, produces haploid gametes that restore diploidy to a zygote upon fertilization. Mitotic cell divisions increase cell number by distributing equally and faithfully the replicated genome into daughter cells. Defects in the regulation of this fundamental process can have drastic consequences, leading to cell death or genome instability, which is a hallmark of cancers.<\/p>\n

Over the past decades, tremendous progress has been made toward the identification of the factors and molecular machines ensuring that the genome is faithfully replicated and transmitted to the daughter cells during mitotic cell division. Likewise, the machinery and mechanisms allowing the proper segregation of the chromosomes during mitosis are emerging. Much less is known, however, on the mechanisms driving chromosome segregation during female meiosis, which occurs in absence of centrosomes. Furthermore, several mechanisms and processes have been extensively studied in detail, but often not analyzed in relation to each other. For instance, although transcription and DNA replication have been extensively studied separately, how the transcription and replication machinery interact to ensure genome integrity during cell division is much less understood. Likewise, the influence of epigenetic marks on the DNA replication program is still poorly understood.<\/p>\n

At the cellular level, macromolecular structures like the nuclear pore complexes (NPC), which regulate nucleo-cytoplasmic transport, genome organization, and transcription during interphase have to be dismantled during mitosis and orderly reassembled after mitosis. How these large macromolecular complexes are dismantled and reassembled during cell division is still poorly understood.
The scientific community of the Labex is in a unique position to bridge these gaps of knowledge because our community gathers experts in nuclear pore complexes, transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair, epigenetics, cell polarity, meiotic, and mitotic cell divisions.<\/strong> Taking advantage of the existing network of collaboration, initiated by the Labex, we apply a broad range of experimental models and integrated approaches to study processes at interfaces between different disciplines to unravel novel concepts. The focus is the integration of process and quality control mechanisms and how this orchestration is critical for the establishment and transmission of cellular identities. More specifically, we study the influence of epigenetic marks on the DNA replication program and the coupling between transcription and DNA replication, DNA repair but also meiosis and mitosis. In particular, we explore mitotic cell division in a developmental context and investigate how crosstalks between mitosis, cell fate, and cell polarity influence cell identity.<\/strong>
Overall, we investigate the transmission of identity across generations at multiple levels by deciphering how the fidelity of DNA replication and the DNA repair machinery ensure the transmission of DNA molecules with no mutations across generations but also how the timing of DNA replication, modulated by internal or external cues (epigenetic marks), can influence the production of cell types with different identities.<\/p>\n

In addition, the notion of transmission raises philosophical questions concerning the constancy of identity across generations<\/strong>. Evolutionary biology provided statistical tools to measure this constancy and to assess the respective contributions of environments and parents in a population. Throughout the history of biology, the notion of transmission developed into the statistical notion of heritability, and into the concept of gene, which gradually materialized into DNA. However recent advances showed that there are more than genes to inheritance. So how exactly should the concepts of gene, heritability, heredity, and transmission be understood? This conceptual analysis requires a thorough historical understanding of these concepts, including the way they have been experimentally employed. We will question the concept of transmission: how should we see the transmission between cell and daughter cell? Are the mechanisms of cell division required to be part of the general mechanisms of inheritance? Or are there several concepts of inheritance, depending on whether one tracks cells or organisms? This question becomes crucial in debates about the role and importance of epigenetics in evolutionary biology or sociology. The Labex considers the philosophical hypothesis that distinctions between inheritance systems (i.e. genetics, epigenetics) are intrinsically related to timescale differences in recurring environmental factors.<\/strong><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_4″][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1″ specialty=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.21″ custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb0px||0px|\u00a0\u00bb prev_background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#000000″ inner_width=\u00a0\u00bbauto\u00a0\u00bb inner_max_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.19.11″ width=\u00a0\u00bb80%\u00a0\u00bb max_width=\u00a0\u00bb1080px\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=\u00a0\u00bb\u00c0 lire aussi\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.21″]<\/p>\n

\u00c0<\/span> lire aussi<\/h2>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blog _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.21″ posts_number=\u00a0\u00bb4″ include_categories=\u00a0\u00bb13″ show_author=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb show_date=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb show_pagination=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb border_width_bottom_fullwidth=\u00a0\u00bb1px\u00a0\u00bb border_color_bottom_fullwidth=\u00a0\u00bbrgba(51,51,51,0.18)\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb||50px|\u00a0\u00bb module_id=\u00a0\u00bbpage_type_blog\u00a0\u00bb header_level=\u00a0\u00bbh4″ \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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Transmission of identity across generations requires the maintenance and proper transmission of genetic information during cell division. To this end, the genome must be entirely replicated, and the resulting DNA molecules must be faithfully distributed to the daughter cells so that each one receives a complete copy of the genome. Here, we will use… Lire la suite Transmission of identity across generations<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":236,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"

[et_pb_section bb_built=\"1\" next_background_color=\"#000000\" inner_width=\"auto\" inner_max_width=\"none\"][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\"][et_pb_post_title admin_label=\"Titre de la page\" _builder_version=\"3.19.11\" meta=\"off\" featured_image=\"off\" \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Intro\" _builder_version=\"3.19.11\" module_id=\"intro\"]<\/p>

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\"][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"3.19.11\" module_id=\"image-page-type\" width=\"80%\" max_width=\"1080px\"][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\"][et_pb_image admin_label=\"Image 1920 x 1080\" _builder_version=\"3.22.1\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/who-am-i\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2021\/07\/00041_01_labex-photo-contest-gautham-1920.jpg\" module_id=\"image-page\" z_index_tablet=\"500\" \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Texte image\" _builder_version=\"3.22.1\" module_id=\"texte-image\" custom_margin=\"|-15px||\" text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"text_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"text_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"text_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"link_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" link_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"link_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" link_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"link_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"ul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" ul_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"ul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" ul_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"ul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"ol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" ol_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"ol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" ol_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"ol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"quote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" quote_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"quote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" quote_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"quote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"header_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"header_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"header_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"header_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"header_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"header_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"header_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"header_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"header_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"header_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"header_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"header_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"header_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"header_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"header_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"header_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"header_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"header_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" z_index_tablet=\"500\"]<\/p>

Cell Kissing<\/h4>

Paire de cellules \u00e9pith\u00e9liales (MDCK), double marquage pour l'actine en rouge et adh\u00e9sion focale en vert.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"l\u00e9gende\" _builder_version=\"3.22.1\" module_id=\"legende\" text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"text_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"text_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"text_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"link_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" link_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"link_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" link_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"link_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"ul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" ul_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"ul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" ul_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"ul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"ol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" ol_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"ol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" ol_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"ol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"quote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" quote_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"quote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" quote_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"quote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"header_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"header_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"header_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"header_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"header_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"header_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"header_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"header_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"header_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"header_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"header_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"header_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"header_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"header_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"header_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"header_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"header_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"header_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" z_index_tablet=\"500\"]<\/p>

\u00a9 Gautham Hari Narayana SANKARA NARAYANA, Institut Jacques Monod<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"3.22.1\" module_id=\"contenu\" text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"text_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"text_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"text_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"link_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" link_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"link_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" link_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"link_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"ul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" ul_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"ul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" ul_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"ul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"ol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" ol_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"ol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" ol_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"ol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"quote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" quote_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"quote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" quote_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"quote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"header_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"header_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"header_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"header_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"header_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"header_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"header_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"header_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"header_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"header_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"header_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"header_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"header_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"header_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"header_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\"header_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=\"header_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=\"header_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93\" z_index_tablet=\"500\"]<\/p>

Tous les organismes vivants sont construits \u00e0 partir d'un grand nombre de cellules et d'une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de types cellulaires avec une identit\u00e9 sp\u00e9cifique. Par exemple, un humain adulte est compos\u00e9 \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s de 10\u00b9\u00b3 cellules et d'environ 200 types de cellules diff\u00e9rents, y compris les gam\u00e8tes (ovule et sperme) qui sont essentiels \u00e0 la reproduction sexu\u00e9e.
Un programme sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 de division cellulaire, la m\u00e9iose, produit des gam\u00e8tes haplo\u00efdes qui r\u00e9tablissent la diplo\u00efdie chez un zygote lors de la f\u00e9condation. Les divisions cellulaires mitotiques augmentent le nombre de cellules en distribuant de mani\u00e8re \u00e9gale et fid\u00e8le le g\u00e9nome r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9 dans les cellules filles. Des couches suppl\u00e9mentaires de r\u00e9gulation, y compris par exemple la r\u00e9gulation de l'orientation de la division cellulaire mitotique ou des divisions cellulaires asym\u00e9triques, sont essentielles au cours du d\u00e9veloppement pour g\u00e9n\u00e9rer une diversit\u00e9 cellulaire et des types de cellules sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s, n\u00e9cessaires pour organiser diff\u00e9rents tissus et fa\u00e7onner les organes. Des d\u00e9fauts dans la r\u00e9gulation de ces processus fondamentaux peuvent avoir des cons\u00e9quences dramatiques, conduisant \u00e0 la mort cellulaire ou \u00e0 l'instabilit\u00e9 du g\u00e9nome, caract\u00e9ristique des cancers.<\/p>

Au cours des derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies, d'\u00e9normes progr\u00e8s ont \u00e9t\u00e9 accomplis dans l'identification des facteurs et des machines mol\u00e9culaires garantissant que le g\u00e9nome est fid\u00e8lement reproduit et transmis \u00e0 la cellule fille au cours de la division cellulaire mitotique. De m\u00eame, la machinerie et les m\u00e9canismes permettant la bonne s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation des chromosomes lors de la mitose \u00e9mergent. Cependant, nous en savons beaucoup moins sur les m\u00e9canismes conduisant \u00e0 la s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation chromosomique lors de la m\u00e9iose f\u00e9minine, qui se produit en l'absence de centrosomes. En outre, plusieurs m\u00e9canismes et processus ont \u00e9t\u00e9 largement \u00e9tudi\u00e9s dans les d\u00e9tails, mais souvent non analys\u00e9s en relation les uns avec les autres. Par exemple, bien que la transcription et la r\u00e9plication de l'ADN aient \u00e9t\u00e9 largement \u00e9tudi\u00e9es s\u00e9par\u00e9ment, la fa\u00e7on dont les m\u00e9canismes r\u00e9gulant ces deux processus interagissent pour assurer l'int\u00e9grit\u00e9 du g\u00e9nome pendant la division cellulaire est beaucoup moins comprise. De m\u00eame, l'influence des marques \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques sur le programme de r\u00e9plication de l'ADN est encore peu d\u00e9crite. Pour donner un autre exemple, la polarit\u00e9 cellulaire et la division cellulaire mitotique ont \u00e9t\u00e9 largement \u00e9tudi\u00e9es, mais le lien entre ces deux processus est largement inexplor\u00e9 car la division cellulaire a \u00e9t\u00e9 majoritairement \u00e9tudi\u00e9e dans des cellules canc\u00e9reuses non polaris\u00e9es poussant sur une bo\u00eete de P\u00e9tri, mais pas dans un contexte d\u00e9veloppemental. Au niveau cellulaire, les structures macromol\u00e9culaires comme les complexes formant les pores nucl\u00e9aires (NPC), qui r\u00e9gulent le transport nucl\u00e9o-cytoplasmique, l'organisation du g\u00e9nome et la transcription pendant l'interphase doivent \u00eatre d\u00e9mantel\u00e9es pendant la mitose et r\u00e9assembl\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re ordonn\u00e9e apr\u00e8s la mitose. Comment ces grands complexes macromol\u00e9culaires sont d\u00e9mantel\u00e9s et r\u00e9assembl\u00e9s au cours de la division cellulaire est encore mal compris.<\/p>

La communaut\u00e9 scientifique du Labex est dans une position unique pour combler ces lacunes car notre communaut\u00e9 rassemble des experts en pores nucl\u00e9aires, transcription, r\u00e9plication et r\u00e9paration de l'ADN, \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique, polarit\u00e9 cellulaire, division cellulaire m\u00e9iotique et mitotique.<\/strong> Profitant du r\u00e9seau de collaboration existant, nous appliquons un large \u00e9ventail de mod\u00e8les exp\u00e9rimentaux et d'approches int\u00e9gr\u00e9es pour \u00e9tudier les processus aux interfaces entre diff\u00e9rentes disciplines afin de d\u00e9m\u00ealer de nouveaux concepts. L'accent est mis sur l'int\u00e9gration des processus et des m\u00e9canismes de contr\u00f4le de la qualit\u00e9 et sur la mani\u00e8re dont cette orchestration est essentielle pour l'\u00e9tablissement et la transmission des identit\u00e9s cellulaires.
Plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, nous \u00e9tudions l'influence des marques \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques sur le programme de r\u00e9plication de l'ADN et le couplage entre la transcription et la r\u00e9plication de l'ADN, la r\u00e9paration de l'ADN mais aussi la m\u00e9iose et la mitose. En particulier, nous explorons la division cellulaire mitotique dans un contexte de d\u00e9veloppement et \u00e9tudions comment les relations crois\u00e9es entre la mitose, le destin cellulaire et la polarit\u00e9 cellulaire influencent l'identit\u00e9 cellulaire.<\/strong>
Globalement, nous \u00e9tudions la transmission de l'identit\u00e9 \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations \u00e0 plusieurs niveaux, en d\u00e9chiffrant comment la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de la r\u00e9plication de l'ADN et les m\u00e9canismes de r\u00e9paration de l'ADN assurent la transmission de mol\u00e9cules d'ADN sans mutation \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations, mais aussi comment le timing de la r\u00e9plication de l'ADN, modul\u00e9 par les ou des signaux externes (marques \u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tiques), peuvent influencer la production de types de cellules avec des identit\u00e9s diff\u00e9rentes.<\/p>

De plus, la notion de transmission soul\u00e8ve des questions philosophiques concernant la stabilit\u00e9 de l'identit\u00e9 \u00e0 travers les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.<\/strong> La biologie \u00e9volutive a fourni des outils statistiques pour mesurer cette stabilit\u00e9 et pour \u00e9valuer les contributions respectives des environnements et des parents dans une population. Tout au long de l'histoire de la biologie, la notion de transmission est devenue la notion statistique d'h\u00e9ritabilit\u00e9 et la notion de g\u00e8ne, qui s'est progressivement mat\u00e9rialis\u00e9e en ADN. Cependant, des progr\u00e8s r\u00e9cents ont montr\u00e9 qu'il y a plus que des g\u00e8nes \u00e0 h\u00e9riter. Alors, comment comprendre exactement les concepts de g\u00e8ne, d'h\u00e9ritabilit\u00e9, d'h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9 et de transmission ? Cette analyse conceptuelle n\u00e9cessite une compr\u00e9hension historique approfondie de ces concepts, y compris la mani\u00e8re dont ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9s exp\u00e9rimentalement. Nous interrogeons le concept de transmission : comment voir la transmission entre cellule et cellule fille ? Les m\u00e9canismes de division cellulaire doivent-ils faire partie des m\u00e9canismes g\u00e9n\u00e9raux d'h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9 ? Ou y a-t-il plusieurs concepts d'h\u00e9ritage, selon que l'on suit les cellules ou les organismes ? Cette question devient cruciale dans les d\u00e9bats sur le r\u00f4le et l'importance de l'\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique en biologie \u00e9volutionniste ou en sociologie. Le Labex examine l'hypoth\u00e8se philosophique selon laquelle les distinctions entre les syst\u00e8mes d'h\u00e9ritage (c'est-\u00e0-dire la g\u00e9n\u00e9tique, l'\u00e9pig\u00e9n\u00e9tique) sont intrins\u00e8quement li\u00e9es aux diff\u00e9rences d'\u00e9chelle de temps dans les facteurs environnementaux r\u00e9currents.<\/strong><\/p>

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\u00c0<\/span> lire aussi<\/h2>

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