{"id":47651,"date":"2022-01-10T15:23:44","date_gmt":"2022-01-10T14:23:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/societes-humanites\/?p=47651"},"modified":"2022-01-10T15:24:30","modified_gmt":"2022-01-10T14:24:30","slug":"accents-et-prejuges","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/societes-humanites\/accents-et-prejuges\/","title":{"rendered":"Accents et pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s !"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section bb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.22″ next_background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#000000″][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.22″ background_size=\u00a0\u00bbinitial\u00a0\u00bb background_position=\u00a0\u00bbtop_left\u00a0\u00bb background_repeat=\u00a0\u00bbrepeat\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb3_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=\u00a0\u00bbIntro\u00a0\u00bb module_id=\u00a0\u00bbintro\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.22.1″ z_index_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb500″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″]<\/p>\n

Dans la revue scientifique Speech Communication<\/em>, Maud P\u00e9lissier et Emmanuel Ferragne, ma\u00eetres de conf\u00e9rences au Centre de Linguistique Inter-langues, de Lexicologie, de Linguistique Anglaise et de Corpus – Atelier de Recherche sur la Parole (CLILLAC-ARP) d\u2019Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, d\u00e9montrent que notre cerveau g\u00e9n\u00e8re une onde \u00e9lectrique caract\u00e9ristique quand il y a conflit entre le contenu d’un message re\u00e7u et les clich\u00e9s engendr\u00e9s par l’accent de la personne qui parle. Ces r\u00e9sultats quantifiables ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives de travail pour les enqu\u00eateurs et juristes dans les contextes particuliers d\u2019affaires criminelles.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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\u00a9 Pexels – Georges Milton<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.22″ background_size=\u00a0\u00bbinitial\u00a0\u00bb background_position=\u00a0\u00bbtop_left\u00a0\u00bb background_repeat=\u00a0\u00bbrepeat\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb3_4″][et_pb_text module_id=\u00a0\u00bbcontenu\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.22.1″ z_index_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb500″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″]<\/p>\n

Lorsqu\u2019on \u00e9coute quelqu\u2019un parler, notre cerveau travaille et analyse tous les mots qu\u2019il entend. Ceci se traduit par des signaux \u00e9lectriques dans notre cerveau, signaux d\u00e9tect\u00e9s sous forme d\u2019ondes \u00e9lectro-enc\u00e9phalographiques.<\/p>\n

Lorsqu\u2019un mot prononc\u00e9 est per\u00e7u comme d\u00e9cal\u00e9 ou n\u2019ayant pas sa place dans la phrase, l\u2019onde g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e par le son entendu a une amplitude 4 fois plus grande que pour un mot attendu. Par exemple, dans les phrases \u00ab\u00a0Je mange des tables\u00a0\u00bb et \u00ab\u00a0Je mange des c\u00e9r\u00e9ales\u00a0\u00bb le mot \u00ab\u00a0table\u00a0\u00bb g\u00e9n\u00e8re une onde de plus forte amplitude par rapport au mot \u00ab\u00a0c\u00e9r\u00e9ales\u00a0\u00bb. \u00a0<\/p>\n

Forts de leurs pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents travaux sur la reconnaissance d\u2019une personne par sa voix ou encore les st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes li\u00e9s aux accents, Maud P\u00e9lissier et Emmanuel Ferragne, tous deux linguistes, ont utilis\u00e9 cette m\u00e9thode de d\u00e9tection d\u2019onde \u00e9lectro-enc\u00e9phalographique pour \u00e9tudier en d\u00e9tail ce qui se passe r\u00e9ellement dans le cerveau lorsque ce dernier per\u00e7oit des paroles teint\u00e9es d\u2019accent. Mais avant d\u2019aller plus loin, Emmanuel Ferragne pr\u00e9cise qu\u2019en linguistique le terme \u00ab\u00a0accent\u00a0\u00bb fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence aux traits de prononciation distinctifs d\u2019un individu, qui peuvent r\u00e9v\u00e9ler son origine g\u00e9ographique ou sociale, ou plus g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement son appartenance \u00e0 un groupe.<\/em><\/p>\n

Les deux linguistes sont donc arriv\u00e9s au constat que la forme (l\u2019accent) peut provoquer un d\u00e9calage de perception par rapport au fond (mot entendu). Lorsque le mot qu\u2019on entend est s\u00e9mantiquement correct mais prononc\u00e9 avec un accent inattendu par rapport \u00e0 celui auquel on s\u2019attend, l\u2019amplitude de l\u2019onde est, dans ce cas aussi, plus grande que si le mot \u00e9tait prononc\u00e9 avec un accent qui nous semble coh\u00e9rent avec le contenu.<\/p>\n

Ainsi, comme l\u2019expliquent M. P\u00e9lissier et E. Ferragne,\u00a0si vous affirmez manger tous les jours dans des fast food mais avec un accent \u00e0 manger du caviar, le cerveau de votre interlocuteur d\u00e9tectera ce d\u00e9calage en une fraction de seconde. Une onde \u00e9lectro-enc\u00e9phalique, appel\u00e9e N400, appara\u00eetra environ 400 millisecondes apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9tection de ce d\u00e9calage, semblable \u00e0 l’onde obtenue lorsqu’un mot tr\u00e8s inattendu survient dans une phrase. L\u2019accent d\u2019une personne entra\u00eene donc tr\u00e8s rapidement dans notre esprit la mobilisation de st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes qui nous font, d\u2019une certaine mani\u00e8re, \u00ab\u00a0anticiper\u00a0\u00bb ce que la personne peut ou ne peut pas dire. <\/em><\/p>\n

Les premiers r\u00e9sultats de M. P\u00e9lissier et E. Ferragne sont donc particuli\u00e8rement int\u00e9ressants pour leur contribution majeure \u00e0 la fois technique mais aussi culturelle et sociale dans les travaux d\u2019enqu\u00eate en mati\u00e8re criminelle. Identifier une personne par sa voix implique de calculer, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des algorithmes puissants, une proximit\u00e9 entre plusieurs enregistrements de voix. Cette technique ne prend cependant pas en compte l\u2019aspect social sur la perception des st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes qui peuvent biaiser ces identifications de voix. En effet, au-del\u00e0 des faits, en fonction de l\u2019accent de la personne, les auditeurs seront plus ou moins dispos\u00e9s \u00e0 la croire, a fortiori <\/em>dans un contexte criminalistique. Dans ce cadre, cette \u00e9tude rappelle que les pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s sur les accents et les dialectes sont susceptibles d’influencer les diverses d\u00e9cisions prises au cours d’une enqu\u00eate ou lors d’un proc\u00e8s et permet donc aussi de sensibiliser police et justice \u00e0 ces nouveaux \u00e9l\u00e9ments pour se pr\u00e9munir de divers biais dans les analyses faites et expertises produites.<\/p>\n

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Les travaux des deux chercheurs s\u2019inscrivent ainsi dans le projet de recherche VOXCRIM (<\/em>(ANR-17-CE39-0016 VOXCRIM),) financ\u00e9 par l\u2019Agence nationale de la recherche, et qui r\u00e9unit des \u00e9quipes universitaires de phon\u00e9tique, (Laboratoire de Phon\u00e9tique et Phonologie, CNRS – Sorbonne Nouvelle ; Laboratoire Parole et Langage, CNRS – Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9), de traitement automatique de la parole (Laboratoire Informatique d’Avignon, Avignon Universit\u00e9), le Laboratoire National de M\u00e9trologie et d’Essai, ainsi que les experts du Service National de Police Scientifique et de L’Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, dans un consortium totalement in\u00e9dit.<\/em><\/p>\n

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R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The N400 reveals implicit accent-induced prejudice – <\/span><\/strong><\/em>Maud<\/span>P\u00e9lissier,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>Emmanuel<\/span>Ferragne<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

DOI <\/strong>: 10.1016\/j.specom.2021.10.004<\/p>\n

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Contacts presse
<\/strong><\/h4>\n

presse@wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/h6>\n

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