{"id":6438,"date":"2020-10-06T08:54:11","date_gmt":"2020-10-06T06:54:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/sante\/?p=6438"},"modified":"2020-10-07T10:15:29","modified_gmt":"2020-10-07T08:15:29","slug":"tests-rt-pcr-pour-detecter-le-coronavirus-de-quoi-sagit-il","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/sante\/tests-rt-pcr-pour-detecter-le-coronavirus-de-quoi-sagit-il\/","title":{"rendered":"Tests RT-PCR pour d\u00e9tecter le coronavirus : de quoi s&rsquo;agit-il ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section bb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; next_background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#000000&Prime; inner_width=\u00a0\u00bbauto\u00a0\u00bb inner_max_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb3_4&Prime;][et_pb_text admin_label=\u00a0\u00bbIntro\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.22.1&Prime; module_id=\u00a0\u00bbintro\u00a0\u00bb text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; link_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; link_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; ul_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; ul_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; ol_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; ol_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; quote_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; quote_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; z_index_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb500&Prime;]<\/p>\n<p>Dans la cadre du d\u00e9confinement, la France a lanc\u00e9 le 11 mai 2020 une grande campagne de d\u00e9pistage du Covid-19. La technique RT-PCR est utilis\u00e9e pour r\u00e9aliser ces tests virologiques. Elle permet d\u2019identifier le virus \u00e0 partir de sa carte d\u2019identit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique : son ARN. Mais en quoi consiste cette technique ? D\u00e9cryptage.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_4&Prime;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.19.11&Prime; module_id=\u00a0\u00bbimage-page-type\u00a0\u00bb width=\u00a0\u00bb80%\u00a0\u00bb max_width=\u00a0\u00bb1080px\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb3_4&Prime;][et_pb_image admin_label=\u00a0\u00bbImage 1920 x 1080&Prime; _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.22.1&Prime; src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/sante\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2020\/07\/ADN-et-Covid.jpg\u00a0\u00bb module_id=\u00a0\u00bbimage-page\u00a0\u00bb z_index_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb500&Prime; \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_4&Prime;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4&Prime;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb3_4&Prime;][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.22.1&Prime; module_id=\u00a0\u00bbcontenu\u00a0\u00bb text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; link_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; link_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; ul_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; ul_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; ol_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; ol_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; quote_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; quote_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&Prime; z_index_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb500&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h3><strong>RT-PCR\u00a0: une technique d\u2019identification redoutable<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Historiquement, la premi\u00e8re technique mise au point pour identifier un agent biologique \u00e9tait la PCR, <em>Polymerase Chain Reaction<\/em> (ou r\u00e9action en cha\u00eene par polym\u00e9rase). Utilisant l\u2019ADN de l\u2019agent biologique, cette technique de biologie mol\u00e9culaire permet de dupliquer en grand nombre, avec un facteur de multiplication de l&rsquo;ordre du milliard, une s\u00e9quence d&rsquo;ADN connue, \u00e0 partir d&rsquo;une tr\u00e8s faible quantit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9chantillon de l\u2019agent biologique recherch\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Mais le SARS-CoV-2, virus responsable de la maladie Covid-19, appartient \u00e0 la famille des ribovirus. Il ne contient pas d\u2019ADN mais contient de l\u2019ARN*. La technique de PCR ne permet donc pas d\u2019acc\u00e9der directement \u00e0 sa carte d\u2019identit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique faite d\u2019ARN. Une \u00e9tape pr\u00e9alable s\u2019impose : commencer par transformer l\u2019ARN de SARS-CoV-2 en ADN correspondant.<\/p>\n<p>Cette \u00e9tape suppl\u00e9mentaire utilise une variante de la technique de PCR : la RT-PCR, <em>Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction<\/em> (ou r\u00e9action en cha\u00eene par polym\u00e9rase apr\u00e8s transcription inverse). Cette transcription inverse est en fait le m\u00e9canisme par lequel l\u2019ARN va d\u2019abord \u00eatre transform\u00e9 en ADN correspondant. Cette transformation est assur\u00e9e par une enzyme, la transcriptase inverse qui <strong>r\u00e9trotranscrit<\/strong> (<strong>RT<\/strong>-PCR) l\u2019ARN et synth\u00e9tise l&rsquo;ADN correspondant. La suite du processus du test consiste \u00e0 multiplier le fragment d\u2019ADN synth\u00e9tis\u00e9 pour obtenir un grand nombre de copies identiques de ce fragment afin d\u2019en disposer en quantit\u00e9 suffisante pour pouvoir l&rsquo;identifier formellement. Cette multiplication est possible gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une autre enzyme, de la famille des polym\u00e9rases. Cette \u00e9tape correspond \u00e0 la <strong>r\u00e9action en cha\u00eene par polym\u00e9rase<\/strong> (RT-<strong>PCR<\/strong>).<br \/>Ce processus termin\u00e9, il est maintenant possible de d\u00e9tecter la pr\u00e9sence du virus et de mesurer la charge virale \u00e0 partir d\u2019un pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement contenant une tr\u00e8s faible quantit\u00e9 de virus, quelques milli\u00e8mes de milliardi\u00e8mes de gramme suffisent.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3><strong>La RT-PCR face au SARS-CoV-2<br \/><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Les tests virologiques (RT-PCR) qui sont pratiqu\u00e9s depuis le 11 mai \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle en France, sont r\u00e9alis\u00e9s \u00e0 partir de pr\u00e9l\u00e8vements naso-pharyng\u00e9s effectu\u00e9s sur les personnes suspect\u00e9es d\u2019\u00eatre infect\u00e9es. Dans ces pr\u00e9l\u00e8vements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s dans les conditions optimales, le SARS-CoV-2 est pr\u00e9sent en tr\u00e8s faible quantit\u00e9. Trop faible pour \u00eatre d\u00e9tect\u00e9e par les techniques d\u2019analyses classiques. La technique de RT-PCR s\u2019av\u00e8re donc particuli\u00e8rement adapt\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00e8s lors qu\u2019une personne est infect\u00e9e, le virus se multiplie dans son organisme. Ainsi, au fil du temps, la quantit\u00e9 de virus, ou charge virale, augmente et avec elle la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019ARN viral pr\u00e9sente chez le patient. Ainsi, un test r\u00e9alis\u00e9 trop t\u00f4t apr\u00e8s l\u2019infection, peut \u00eatre n\u00e9gatif car la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019ARN viral est alors trop faible pour \u00eatre d\u00e9tect\u00e9e. De m\u00eame, si le pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement naso-pharyng\u00e9 est mal r\u00e9alis\u00e9, la quantit\u00e9 de virus pr\u00e9lev\u00e9e peut, ici encore, \u00eatre trop faible pour \u00eatre d\u00e9tect\u00e9e. Il est donc important de r\u00e9aliser ces tests dans les conditions pr\u00e9vues par les directives des autorit\u00e9s de sant\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Une fois le pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement effectu\u00e9, la premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape du test consiste \u00e0 extraire l\u2019ARN contenu dans le pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement. Cet ARN sera ensuite transform\u00e9 en ADN correspondant. Puis, cet ADN sera dupliqu\u00e9 jusqu\u2019\u00e0 en obtenir une quantit\u00e9 suffisante pour le d\u00e9tecter et l\u2019identifier de fa\u00e7on s\u00fbre. Si \u00e0 la fin du processus de test (environ 3h), aucun ADN n\u2019est d\u00e9tect\u00e9, le test sera n\u00e9gatif et le patient sera d\u00e9clar\u00e9 non infect\u00e9. En revanche, si le test est positif, le patient est infect\u00e9. Il entre alors dans le processus de suivi des patients atteints par le Covid-19.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>*\u00a0<em>\u00c0 quelques exceptions pr\u00e8s, l\u2019ARN (acide ribonucl\u00e9ique) est une mol\u00e9cule semblable \u00e0 l\u2019ADN (acide d\u00e9soxyribonucl\u00e9ique). Sa structure est chimiquement moins stable, sa dur\u00e9e de vie est plus courte. L\u2019ADN n\u2019existe que dans le noyau de la cellule, alors que l\u2019ARN peut sortir du noyau.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Merci au Docteur Cynthia MARIE-CLAIRE, UMR-S 1144 Inserm-Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 pour son \u00e9clairage.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_4&Prime;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; specialty=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.21&Prime; custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb0px||0px|\u00a0\u00bb prev_background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#000000&Prime; inner_width=\u00a0\u00bbauto\u00a0\u00bb inner_max_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.19.11&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb80%\u00a0\u00bb max_width=\u00a0\u00bb1080px\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4&Prime;][et_pb_text admin_label=\u00a0\u00bb\u00c0 lire aussi\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.21&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"st\">\u00c0<\/span> lire aussi<\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blog _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.21&Prime; posts_number=\u00a0\u00bb4&Prime; include_categories=\u00a0\u00bb13&Prime; show_author=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb show_date=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb show_pagination=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb border_width_bottom_fullwidth=\u00a0\u00bb1px\u00a0\u00bb border_color_bottom_fullwidth=\u00a0\u00bbrgba(51,51,51,0.18)\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb||50px|\u00a0\u00bb module_id=\u00a0\u00bbpage_type_blog\u00a0\u00bb header_level=\u00a0\u00bbh4&Prime; \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0 et_pb_row_empty\"><\/div>\n<p> Dans la cadre du d\u00e9confinement, la France a lanc\u00e9 le 11 mai 2020 une grande campagne de d\u00e9pistage du Covid-19. La technique RT-PCR est utilis\u00e9e pour r\u00e9aliser ces tests virologiques. Elle permet d\u2019identifier le virus \u00e0 partir de sa carte d\u2019identit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique : son ARN. Mais en quoi consiste cette technique ? D\u00e9cryptage. <\/p>\n<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1 et_pb_row_empty\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2 et_pb_row_empty\"><\/div>\n<p>&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/sante\/tests-rt-pcr-pour-detecter-le-coronavirus-de-quoi-sagit-il\/\">Lire la suite<span> Tests RT-PCR pour d\u00e9tecter le coronavirus : de quoi s&rsquo;agit-il ?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":89,"featured_media":515,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6438","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-recherche"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/sante\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6438","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/sante\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/sante\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/sante\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/89"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/sante\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6438"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/sante\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6438\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6439,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/sante\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6438\/revisions\/6439"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/sante\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/515"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/sante\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6438"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/sante\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6438"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress-test.app.u-pariscite.fr\/sante\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6438"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}